Rivet driving anvil retention system and method

ABSTRACT

A driving anvil washer retaining apparatus ( 12 ) for a rivet gun ( 14 ) includes a magnetized element ( 21 ). The magnetized element ( 21 ) is coupled to the rivet gun ( 14 ) and retains an anvil washer ( 52 ) during installation of a rivet ( 82 ). A method of installing a rivet ( 82 ) includes inserting a stem ( 46 ) of a rivet assembly ( 80 ) into a rivet gun nose ( 22 ) having at least one magnetized portion ( 21 ). A rivet ( 82 ) of the rivet assembly ( 80 ) is inserted into at least one object. The stem ( 46 ) is removed from the rivet assembly ( 80 ). A driving anvil washer ( 52 ) is retained via the magnetized portion ( 21 ).

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to fasteners and fasteningsystems. More particularly, the present invention relates to a systemand method of retaining a driving anvil washer during the application ofa blind rivet on an aircraft.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Aircraft safety is an ongoing concern for aircraft producers. An unknownloose object on board an aircraft may cause an aircraft to malfunctionor not operate as designed thereby decreasing safety of the aircraft. Inthe art, unknown loose objects are referred to as foreign object debris(FOD). FOD is difficult to detect and many hours of searching for FODoccurs during the production of an aircraft, to assure the aircraft isfree from loose objects, before the aircraft leaves a productionfacility or is operated. Moreover, because the detection of FOD can relyon visual inspection, it can be subject to human error. Furthermore,confined nature of an aircraft structure hinders vehicle throughinspection.

FOD may be of various sizes and shapes and can go undetected in largeaircraft. A large aircraft has various cavities, pockets, and crevicesthat cause the process of detecting FOD to be difficult. For example, asmall FOD item, such as a rivet or nut, lying in a dark crevice may goundetected. The larger the amount of undetected FOD the increasedlikelihood of an aircraft system malfunctioning.

Thousands of rivets are typically used as fasteners on current aircraft.The rivets are attached or fastened via a rivet gun. A common example ofa type of rivet that is often used is the blind rivet. Beforeinstallation the rivets are part of a rivet assembly. The rivet assemblyincludes a stem, a driving anvil or anvil washer, a holding ring and therivet itself. During the installation of a rivet, a stem is insertedinto a nose of a rivet gun. The shank of the rivet is inserted into ahole and pressure is applied on the head of the rivet. The stem ispulled out from the rivet causing a portion of the rivet that isextending through the object to increase in diameter. The head of therivet and the expanded inserted portion lock the rivet in place.

The anvil washer holds the ring down tight on the rivet such that duringand after installation of the rivet the ring does not loosen. When thering is loose the rivet is not tightly fastened to the objects ofinterest and therefore must be removed and replaced. During installationof the rivet the stem is removed and caught by the rivet gun. However,often the anvil washer is not retained and can fall into the aircraftcreating FOD. The anvil washers are typically small and difficult tofind.

Thus, there exists a need for an improved technique for installation ofrivets without the creation of FOD, thereby, reducing time and costsinvolved in manufacturing of an aircraft.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The foregoing and other advantages are provided by multiple embodimentsof the present invention. In one embodiment of the present invention, adriving anvil washer retaining apparatus for a rivet gun is provided.The apparatus includes a magnetized element. The magnetized element iscoupled to the rivet gun and retains an anvil washer during installationof a rivet.

In another embodiment of the present invention a method of installing arivet is provided. The method includes inserting a stem of a rivetassembly into a rivet gun nose having at least one magnetized portion. Arivet of the rivet assembly is inserted into at least one object. Thestem is removed from the rivet assembly. A driving anvil washer isretained via the magnetized portion.

The embodiments of the present invention provide several advantages. Onesuch advantage is the provision of utilizing a magnetized rivet gun noseapparatus to retain or capture driving anvil washers and the like duringthe installation of a rivet. The use thereof prevents and minimizes thecreation of foreign object debris.

Another advantage provided by an embodiment of the present invention isthe inclusion of an easy, quick, and inexpensive method of retainingdriving anvil washers and the like during the installation of a rivet.As such the method minimizes manufacturing time and costs.

The present invention itself, together with other attendant advantages,will be best understood by reference to the following detaileddescription, taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

For a more complete understanding of this invention reference should nowbe had to the embodiments illustrated in greater detail in theaccompanying figures and described below by way of examples of theinvention wherein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a rivet installation systemincorporating a driving anvil washer retaining apparatus in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a rivet gun nose assembly and a drivinganvil washer retaining apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 2B is an assembled and perspective view of the rivet gun noseassembly and a driving anvil washer retaining apparatus of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 3 is a front or end view of the driving anvil washer retainingapparatus and the rivet gun nose assembly of FIGS. 2A and 2B;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the driving anvil washer retainingapparatus of FIGS. 2A and 2B in accordance with another embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a sample rivet assembly;

FIG. 6 is a front perspective view of an installed rivet;

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a driving anvil washer retainingapparatus after the installation of a rivet and in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a logic flow diagram illustrating a method of forming adriving anvil washer retaining apparatus for a rivet gun in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 9 is a logic flow diagram illustrating a method of installing arivet in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

While the present invention is described with respect to an apparatusfor and a method of retaining a driving anvil washer during installationof a rivet, the present invention may be adapted for other similarapplications. The present invention may be applied to various rivetguns, riveters, and rivet installation systems, such as auto-feedriveters, compression riveters, orbital riveters, and blind rivet guns.The present invention may be utilized in the installation of variousrivets, such as blind rivets, Klik Rivet-Nuts™, pop rivets, Olympic-loc™rivets, solid rivets, and the like. The present invention may be appliedto the installation of rivets in many fields and industries, such asaerospace, automotive, naval, railroad, commercial, and residential.

Also, in the following description the term “rivet gun” refers to anytool used for the installation of a rivet. A rivet gun may be used tohold, couple, align, or apply pressure to a rivet or a portion of rivetassembly, such as a stem or a driving anvil washer, during theinstallation of the rivet. A rivet gun may be manually, electrically,pneumatically, hydraulically, or pneudraulically operated. A rivet gunmay be auto-fed, compression driven, or orbital driven.

In addition, in the following description the term “object” refers toany component, element, part, or feature of a rivet gun or receptor of arivet. An object may for example refer to a nose tip, a nose insert, ananvil holder, a collet, or a washer. An object may also refer to acomponent or components, such as component elements of an aircraftfuselage, for which a rivet is being installed.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a perspective view of a rivet installationsystem 10 incorporating a driving anvil washer retaining apparatus 12 inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention is shown. Thesystem 10 includes a rivet gun 14 and may include a supply line 16 andan energy source/supply tank 18, as shown. The rivet gun 14 includes amain body portion 20, the washer retaining apparatus 12 having amagnetic element 21, and a nose or nose assembly 22, which may or maynot be included in the washer retaining apparatus 12. In the sampleembodiment of FIG. 1, the washer retaining apparatus 12 and the magneticelement 21 are one in the same. The washer retaining apparatus 12retains a driving anvil washer during the installation of a rivet.Samples of a driving anvil washer and rivet are shown pre-installationin FIG. 5 and post-installation in FIGS. 6 and 7. Although a singlemagnetic element is shown in FIG. 1, a washer retaining apparatus mayincorporate any number of magnetic elements.

The rivet gun 14 may be of various types and styles. The rivet gun 14may be manually, electrically, pneumatically, hydraulically, orpneudraulically operable or a combination thereof. The rivet gun 14 maybe configured to accommodate various washer retaining apparatuses andnose assemblies using techniques known in the art. The rivet gun 14 mayreceive power via the supply line 16 or may have a portable energysource (not shown), such as a battery pack.

The supply line 16 may be in the form of an electrical line, an airline, or a fluid line. The supply line 16 may supply electrical,pneumatic, or hydraulic energy in the form of electrical current,pressurized air, or pressurized fluid to the rivet gun 14. The supplyline 16 may be coupled to the rivet gun 14 and to the energysource/supply tank 18 using various couplers or fasteners known in theart.

The energy source/supply tank 18 may be in the form of an electricalenergy source, such as a motor, a transformer, or a power converter, ormay be in the form of a pneumatic or hydraulic energy source having apump, such as pump 24. The pump 24 circulates and pressurizes air orfluid contained within the tank 18 to and from the rivet gun 14. Thepump 24 provides a desired pressure of the air or fluid supplied to therivet gun 14 for proper rivet installation.

Referring now to FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 3, a perspective view, an assembledview, and a front or end view of a rivet gun nose assembly 22′ and adriving anvil washer retaining apparatus 12′ are shown in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention.

The nose assembly 22′ includes an anvil insert 30, an anvil holder 32,and a collet 34. The anvil insert 30 has a nose tip 36 and a stemchannel 38 with an insert inner diameter 40 that corresponds with a stemouter diameter of a stem of a rivet assembly, such as stem outerdiameter 44 of stem 46 shown in FIG. 5. The insert 30 may be removed andreplaced via a pin 48 and “C”-clip or spring retaining clip 50 withvarious other similar inserts having different sized insert innerdiameters to accommodate for various sized stems. The anvil holder 32holds or is used to apply pressure on a driving anvil washer, such asthe driving anvil washer 52 shown in FIGS. 5 and 7. The collet 34retains the pin 48 and retaining clip 50 and may also be used to applypressure on a driving anvil washer.

The washer retaining apparatus 12′ may include the nose assembly 22′.The washer retaining apparatus 12′, as shown, is in the form of amagnetized washer having dimensions that correspond with dimensions ofthe nose assembly 22′. The washer retaining apparatus 12′ has elementdimensions that accommodate multiple different rivet gun nose assemblydimensions associated with multiple rivet gun nosepieces or anvilinserts. The washer retaining apparatus 12′ includes an element innerdiameter 60 and an element outer diameter 62. The element inner diameter60 may be approximately equal to a holder inner diameter 64 of the anvilholder 32. The element inner diameter 60 is larger than the insert outerdiameters of one or more anvil inserts, such as the outer diameter 66 ofthe insert 30, but smaller than the outer diameter 68 of the collet 34.The element outer diameter 62 is approximately equal to the collet outerdiameter 68. Thickness T of the washer retaining apparatus 12′ isapproximately equal to or less than a distance D between the nose tip 36and the end surface 70 of the anvil holder 32. The washer retainingapparatus 12′ has surface area dimensions that correspond with endsurface area dimensions of the anvil holder 32 and the collet 34.Although one configuration of the washer retaining apparatus 12′ isshown, the washer retaining apparatus 12′ may be in various forms,styles, shapes, and sizes.

The washer retaining apparatus 12′ and the nose assembly 22′ may beformed of various materials including aluminum, nickel, cobalt,samarium, neodymium, iron, boron, barium, carbon, stratium, zinc,manganese, plastic, ceramic, rubber, or the like, or any combinationthereof. In one embodiment of the present invention, the washerretaining apparatus 12′ includes an insert body 72 that is formed of agrade 30 neodymium material and an outer shell 74. The insert body 72and the outer shell 74 are shown in FIG. 4. The outer shell 74 is in theform of a nickel-plating formed over and encasing the insert body 72.

The washer retaining apparatus 12′ may be a magnetized portion of thenose assembly 22′. Although, as shown, the washer retaining apparatus12′ is a single magnetized element, the washer retaining apparatus 12′may be in the form of one or more magnetized elements. For example, theinsert 30, holder 32, collet 34, or a combination thereof may bemagnetized to retain a driving anvil washer during the installation of arivet.

Referring now to FIGS. 5 and 6, a perspective view of a sample rivetassembly 80 and a front perspective view of an installed rivet 82 areshown. The rivet assembly 80 includes a rivet 82 having a head 84 and ashank 86. The rivet resides over a stem 46. A driving anvil washer 52resides on the stem 46 and on the head side 92 of the rivet 82. The stem46 is shaped such that an end portion 93 of the stem 46 is larger indiameter on the shank side 94 of the rivet 82 than on the inner diameterof the shank 86. The diameter of the end portion 93 of the shank side 94is designated by numerical indicator 96 and the inner diameter of theshank 86 is designated by numerical indicator 98. The driving anvilwasher 52 resides over a locking ring 100, which prevents the rivet 82from moving along the stem 46 in a direction away from the shank side94. During the installation of the rivet 46 pressure is applied on thedriving anvil washer 52 which is in contact with the ring 100, to assurethat the ring 100 does not loosen or become separated from the rivet 82.

Referring now to FIG. 7, a perspective view of the nose assembly 22′having the washer retaining apparatus 12′ after installation of a rivet82 and in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention isshown. During installation the washer retaining apparatus 12′ remainscoupled to the nose assembly 22′. The driving anvil washer 52 is coupledto and magnetically attracted to the washer retaining apparatus 12′, dueto the magnetization thereof.

Referring now to FIG. 8, a logic flow diagram illustrating a method offorming a driving anvil washer retaining apparatus, such as the washerretaining apparatus 12′, for a rivet gun is shown in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention.

In step 100, nose assembly dimensions are determined for the rivet gun.The inner and outer dimensions of an anvil insert, an anvil holder, acollet, and any other nose assembly dimensions may be determined, suchas the insert inner and outer diameters 40 and 66, the holder innerdiameter 64, the collet outer diameter 68, and the distance D.

In step 102, element dimensions of the washer retaining apparatus aredetermined in response to the nose assembly dimensions. When the washerretaining apparatus is in the form of a magnetized element, the elementdimensions may include an element inner diameter, an element outerdiameter, and a thickness. The element inner diameter may be determinedto be larger than an outer diameter of a nose insert and smaller than acollet outer diameter of the rivet gun. The element outer diameter maybe determined to be approximately equal to or greater than the outerdiameter of a collet of the rivet gun. The thickness may be determinedto be approximately equal to or less than a distance between a nose tipand an anvil holder of the rivet gun. The element dimensions may also bedetermined to accommodate multiple different rivet gun nose dimensionsassociated with multiple rivet gun nose inserts. The above-stateddimensional relationships are satisfied by the sample inner and outerdiameters 60 and 62 and the thickness T of the above-described washerretaining apparatus 12′.

In step 103, desired magnetic strength of the washer retaining apparatusis determined. A minimum magnetic strength is determined such that adriving anvil washer is retained during installation of a rivet. Amaximum magnetic strength may also be determined such that a drivinganvil washer may be easily removed from a nose assembly of the rivet gunafter rivet installation. The maximum magnetic strength may also bedetermined to minimize the costs of materials and manufacturing of thewasher retaining apparatus. In step 104, materials of the washerretaining apparatus are determined in response to the desired magneticstrength. The washer retaining apparatus may be formed of variousmaterials known in the art, some of which are listed above.

In step 105, the washer retaining apparatus is formed in response to theelement dimensions, the element materials, and the desired magneticstrength. The washer retaining apparatus may be formed using varioustechniques known in the art. When the washer retaining apparatus is inthe form of a magnetized washer or the like, an insert body may beformed and plated to form the washer retaining apparatus. The insert maybe formed of a magnetized material or material composite. When thewasher retaining apparatus is in the form of a magnetized portion of anose assembly, the washer retaining apparatus may be formed through themagnetization of one or more of the components of the nose assembly.During the formation process of the washer retaining apparatus thewasher retaining apparatus may be coupled to or formed as part of a noseassembly of the rivet gun. In step 106, the washer retaining apparatusmay be coupled to the nose assembly of the rivet gun. The washerretaining apparatus may be magnetically attached, adhered, or coupledvia some other technique known in the art to the nose assembly. Steps105 and 106 may be performed simultaneously. The washer retainingapparatus may be coupled to the nose assembly during formation of thewasher retaining apparatus. The washer retaining apparatus may be anintegral part of the nose assembly or vice versa.

Referring now to FIG. 9, a logic flow diagram illustrating a method ofinstalling a rivet, such as rivet 82, in accordance with anotherembodiment of the present invention is shown.

In step 110, a stem, such as stem 46, of a rivet assembly is insertedinto a nose assembly of a rivet gun. The rivet gun may have one or moredriving anvil washer retaining apparatuses as described above. In step112, a shank portion of the rivet is inserted into one or more objectsto be riveted.

In step 114, the stem is removed from the rivet assembly. In step 116, adriving anvil washer is retained by the washer retaining apparatusesrecited in step 110. The driving anvil washer is magnetically coupled tothe washer retaining apparatuses. Steps 114 and 116 are performedsimultaneously.

The present invention provides a driving anvil washer retainingapparatus, which is capable of retaining a driving anvil washer duringthe installation of a rivet. The apparatus provides an efficient andimproved tool that may be used for the installation of rivets. Use ofthe apparatus prevents the creation of foreign object debris during themanufacturing of a vehicle. The apparatus saves costs involved inproduction and manufacturing of an aircraft and post manufacturing costscaused by component malfunctions due to the existence of foreign objectdebris.

While the invention has been described in connection with one or moreembodiments, it should be understood that the invention is not limitedto those embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended tocover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, as may beincluded within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

1. A driving anvil washer retaining apparatus for a rivet gun comprisingat least one magnetized element, said at least one magnetized elementcoupled to said rivet gun and for retaining at least one anvil washerduring installation of at least one rivet.
 2. An apparatus as in claim 1wherein said at least one magnetized element is at least a portion of anobject selected from at least one of a collet, an anvil holder, a nose,a nose tip, a washer, and an anvil-insert.
 3. An apparatus as in claim 1wherein said at least one magnet element has element dimensionscorresponding to nose dimensions of said rivet gun.
 4. An apparatus asin claim 1 wherein said at least one magnet element has elementdimensions that are such to accommodate a plurality of different rivetgun nose dimensions associated with a plurality of rivet gun noses. 5.An apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said at least one magnet element haselement dimensions that comprise an element inner diameter and anelement outer diameter.
 6. An apparatus as in claim 5 wherein saidelement inner diameter is larger than a nose insert outer diameter ofsaid rivet gun.
 7. An apparatus as in claim 5 wherein said element innerdiameter is smaller than a collet outer diameter of said rivet gun. 8.An apparatus as in claim 5 wherein said element outer diameter isapproximately equal in size to a collet outer diameter of said rivetgun.
 9. An apparatus as in claim 1 wherein thickness of said at leastone magnetized element is approximately equal to or less than a distancebetween a nose tip and an anvil holder of said rivet gun.
 10. Anapparatus as in claim 1 wherein said at least one magnetized element hassurface area dimensions that correspond with anvil holder dimensions andcollet dimensions of said rivet gun.
 11. An apparatus as in claim 1wherein said at least one magnetized element is formed at leastpartially of at least one material selected from aluminum, nickel,cobalt, samarium, neodymium, iron, boron, barium, carbon, stratium,zinc, manganese, plastic, ceramic, and rubber.
 12. An apparatus as inclaim 1 wherein said at least one magnetized element is plated.
 13. Anapparatus as in claim 1 wherein said at least one magnetized element isformed of a grade 30 neodymium material and is nickel-plated.
 14. Anapparatus as in claim 1 wherein said at least one magnetized elementcomprises: an insert body; and an outer shell encasing said insert body.15. A driving anvil washer retaining assembly for a rivet guncomprising: a rivet gun nose assembly; and at least one magnetizedelement coupled to said rivet gun nose assembly for retaining at leastone anvil washer during installation of at least one rivet.
 16. Aretaining assembly as in claim 15 wherein said rivet gun nose assemblycomprises: a collet; an anvil holder residing at least partially withinsaid collet; and an anvil insert residing at least partially within saidanvil holder.
 17. A retaining assembly as in claim 16 wherein at leastone of said collet, said anvil holder, and said anvil insert comprisesaid at least one magnetized element.
 18. A retaining assembly as inclaim 15 wherein said at least one magnetized element is at least aportion of an object selected from at least one of a collet, an anvilholder, a nose, a nose tip, a washer, and an anvil-insert.
 19. Aretaining assembly as in claim 15 wherein said at least one magnetizedelement comprises an element inner diameter and an element outerdiameter, said element inner diameter approximately equal to an anvilholder inner diameter of the rivet gun and said element outer diameterapproximately equal to a collet outer diameter of the rivet gun.
 20. Aretaining assembly as in claim 15 wherein thickness of said at least onemagnetized element is approximately equal to or less than a distancebetween a nose tip and an anvil holder of the rivet gun.
 21. A rivetinstallation system comprising: a rivet gun comprising; a main bodyportion; a nose assembly coupled to said main body portion; and at leastone magnetized element coupled to said nose assembly for retaining atleast one anvil washer during installation of at least one rivet.
 22. Asystem as in claim 21 further comprising: a supply line coupled to saidmain body portion; and an energy source supplying energy to said mainbody portion.
 23. A system as in claim 21 wherein said rivet gun ismanually operable.
 24. A system as in claim 21 wherein said rivet gun iselectrically operable.
 25. A system as in claim 21 wherein said rivetgun is at least one of pneumatic, hydraulic, and pneudraulic.
 26. Amethod of installing a rivet comprising: inserting a stem of a rivetassembly into a rivet gun nose having at least one magnetized portion;inserting at least a portion of a rivet of said rivet assembly into atleast one object; removing said stem from said rivet assembly; andretaining a driving anvil washer via said at least one magnetizedportion.
 27. A method as in claim 26 wherein retaining a driving anvilwasher comprises magnetically coupling said driving anvil washer to atleast a portion of said rivet gun nose.
 28. A method of forming adriving anvil washer retaining apparatus for a rivet gun comprising:determining nose assembly dimensions of at least a portion of at leastone nose assembly of the rivet gun; determining element dimensions of atleast one magnetized element in response to said nose assemblydimensions, said at least one magnetized element configured to retain atleast one driving anvil washer during installation of at least onerivet; forming said at least one magnetized element in response to saidelement dimensions; and coupling said at least one magnetized element tosaid at least one nose assembly.
 29. A method as in claim 28 furthercomprising: determining desired strength of said at least one magnetizedelement; and forming said at least one magnetized element in response tosaid desired strength.
 30. A method as in claim 28 further comprising:determining materials of said at least one magnetized element; andforming said at least one magnetized element in response to saidmaterials.
 31. A method as in claim 28 wherein forming said at least onemagnetized element comprises magnetizing at least a portion of said noseassembly.
 32. A method as in claim 28 wherein forming said at least onemagnetized element comprises coupling a driving anvil washer retainingapparatus having at least one magnetized element to said nose assembly.33. A method as in claim 28 wherein determining element dimensions of atleast one magnetized element comprises determining a thickness dimensionof said at least one magnetized element to be approximately equal to orless than a distance between a nose tip and an anvil holder of the rivetgun.
 34. A method as in claim 28 wherein determining element dimensionsof at least one magnetized element comprises determining an innerdiameter of said at least one magnetized element to be larger than arivet assembly stem outer diameter and a nose tip outer diameter and tobe smaller than a collet outer diameter of the rivet gun.
 35. A methodas in claim 28 wherein determining element dimensions of at least onemagnetized element comprises accommodating a plurality of differentrivet gun nose dimensions associated with a plurality of rivet gun noseinserts.
 36. A method as in claim 28 wherein forming said at least onemagnetized element comprises: forming an insert body; and plating saidinsert body.
 37. A method as in claim 28 wherein forming said at leastone magnetized element comprises forming said at least one magnetizedelement from at least one material selected from aluminum, nickel,cobalt, samarium, neodymium, iron, boron, barium, carbon, stratium,zinc, manganese, plastic, ceramic, and rubber.
 38. A method as in claim28 wherein forming said at least one magnetized element comprisesmagnetizing at least a portion of at least one component of said atleast one nose assembly.
 39. A driving anvil washer retaining apparatusfor a rivet gun comprising at least one magnetized element havingelement dimensions corresponding to nose dimensions of said rivet gun,said at least one magnetized element configured to couple said nose andretain at least one anvil washer during installation of at least onerivet.
 40. An apparatus as in claim 39 wherein said at least onemagnetized element comprises: an insert body; and an outer shellencasing said insert body; said insert body and said plated outer shellformed of at least one material selected from aluminum, nickel, cobalt,samarium, neodymium, iron, boron, barium, carbon, stratium, zinc,manganese, plastic, ceramic, and rubber.